Each month during an equal payments plan you are required to pay in full by the due date that month’s equal payments plan instalment. There is no administration fee charged for entering into a special payments plan. However, if we do not receive the full minimum due on a statement within 59 days of the date of that statement, or any event of default (other than a payment default) occurs under your Cardmember Agreement, all special payment plans on your account will terminate and (i) you will then be charged interest on the balances outstanding on such plans at the applicable regular annual rate from the day after the date of your next statement, and (ii) the balances outstanding will form part of the balance due on that statement. Interest does not accrue during the period of the plan. Dealers may sell for less.įinancing available is “Equal payments, no interest” for 24 months (unless otherwise stated) and is only available on request, on approved credit and on purchases of $150 (unless otherwise stated) or more (Gift Cards excluded) made with your Triangle credit card at Canadian Tire, Sport Chek, Mark’s, L’Équipeur, Atmosphere, Sports Rousseau, Hockey Experts, L’Entrepôt du Hockey and participating Sports Experts. **Online prices and sale effective dates may differ from those in-store and may vary by region. ±Was price reflects the last national regular price this product was sold for. The tire producer / manufacturer and Canadian Tire uses this fee to pay for the collection, transportation, and processing of used tires.ĬANADIAN TIRE® and the CANADIAN TIRE T riangle Design are registered trade-marks of Canadian Tire Corporation, Limited. △The tire producer / manufacturer of the tires you are buying, and Canadian Tire is responsible for the recycling fee that is included in your invoice.
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The 2017 Buick Encore features comfortable front seats and a high seating position that offers a commanding view of the road. In Edmunds testing, a front-drive Encore stopped from 60 mph in 123 feet, which is average for this class. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety gave the Encore the highest possible rating of Good in its moderate-overlap and small-overlap front-impact, side-impact and roof-strength crash tests. In government crash tests the Encore received a perfect five-star rating for overall crash protection, frontal protection and side-impact protection. Also included is OnStar, which provides automatic crash notification, on-demand roadside assistance, remote door unlocking and stolen vehicle assistance.Ī blind-spot warning system and rear cross-traffic alert are standard on Sport Touring and higher trim levels, while forward collision and lane departure warning systems are standard on the Encore Premium. Standard safety features for the 2017 Buick Encore include antilock disc brakes, traction and stability control, front knee airbags, front and rear side airbags, full-length side curtain airbags and a rearview camera. There's also an insurgence of similarly subcompact competitors to contend with, including the Honda HR-V, Mazda CX-3 and Fiat 500X. Many buyers might still be put off by the Encore's snug interior, which includes a tight backseat and less cargo room than larger crossovers like the Ford Escape, Honda CR-V and Mazda CX-5. The optional four-cylinder engine that offers a bit more horsepower is worth serious consideration. The Encore's small size makes for impressive maneuverability in urban traffic and parking lots, but its base engine leaves the little crossover wanting more when it comes time to enter the freeway. The instrument panel also features a new design that includes easier-to-use controls and a new gauge cluster layout. LED taillamps add additional visibility when you hit the brakes, while Apple CarPlay and Android Auto are welcome additions to the upgraded technology interface. A subtly restyled front end includes new headlights and a new grille design. Safety: The 2015 Buick Encore comes equipped with all manner of standard safety equipment and airbags, as well as OnStar, StabiliTrak ESC system, and available forward collision alert, lane departure warning, rear cross traffic alert, and side blind zone alert.Ĭomparing the 2015 Buick Encore: Audi Q3, Mercedes GLA-Class, MINI Countryman, BMW X1.For 2017, the Encore gets a few small updates to keep pace with a growing class of competitors. Only one transmission is available as well: a 6-speed Hydra-Matic automatic.Ĭhanges and Improvements: The 2015 Buick Encore now features 4G LTE capabilities starting this model year, like all over Chevy/Buick models.Ĭargo Capacity: The 2015 Buick Encore features room for five and 532 litres of cargo space with the seats up, 1,371 litres with them folded down. Powertrain: The same engine is found across all three 2015 Buick Encore models: a 1.4L turbocharged ECOTEC mill that produces 138 horsepower and 148 lb-ft of torque. If you opt for the AWD 2015 Buick Encore, those numbers change slightly to 10.2L/100km in the city, 8.0L/100km on the highway and a combined rating of 9.2L/100km. With the FWD version of the 2015 Buick Encore, you’ll see 9.5L/100km in the city and 7.2L/100km on the highway for a combined rating of 8.5L/100km. With both a front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive available, the fuel numbers for each vary accordingly. Plus, its sibling (the Chevy Trax) offers much the same for much fewer dollars.Ģ015 Buick Encore Price and Fuel Economy: There are three 2015 Buick Encore models available and their pricing is as follows: Pros: The 2015 Buick Encore features plenty of luxurious amenities in a compact and practical city-dwelling package.Ĭons: With a starting price just under $30k, the Buick Encore can rack up the dollars quickly when you start adding extras which puts it in the same price bracket as larger more powerful vehicles. In the end it's not surprising the characters learn something more about themselves as well as their relationships with others in order to lead more happier lives. The character's are relatable as they are touching, carrying the film through it's compelling plot especially with the main character himself and the deaf girl who he's trying to understand. The film itself is an endearing tale of living one's life as a young person being affected by regrets and opening up to the world in a more brighter manner than before, but it's also about atonement and reconciling with one's consequences of their actions. I was also a little surprised to find out it was also based on a manga by Yoshitoki Oima. 'A Silent Voice' is the work of Naoko Yamada, a little perplexing as I've not encountered a lot of female anime directors. A Silent Voice is one of the best movies I've seen so far this year. I found myself disliking the movie throughout the majority of it, until my eventual realization, which is my one warning, so I feel I won't be alone on that. That being said, I can't get myself to give this movie a perfect score, due to the fact that I think it took a little too long to win me over. With a powerful story, a final sequences that will have many in tears, and an overall film that is worthy of awards, I can't recommend this enough. In the end, A Silent Voice is a film that had me hating throughout the first act, realizing I was wrong throughout the second act, and on the verge of tears throughout the third act, due to how well this movie does a complete 180. The themes presented throughout this film are taken very seriously, so I don't think it will appeal to a younger audience, but I think older teenagers will be the perfect demographic here, for the lesson it's giving. This is one of the message that I feel the movie tries to convey and I believe it's a wonderful lesson to everyone. Evil is all throughout everyone, but you're not supposed to act on it. It's all about redemption and how forgiveness is everything when you truly want to become a better person that what you were in the past. When a movie makes you wait for it to be really good, it can be a pretty frustrating experience, but I see something different when reflecting on this film. From beginning to hate the film for displaying a very unlikable character, this story really does a great job at winning you over, especially through it's silent, visual storytelling in the background, foreground, and even anytime that it makes it blatantly obvious. When this aspect comes into play a little later in the movie, I'd be lying if I said it didn't move me. Every time he would pass by other people that knew him, they had X's on their face. Throughout Ishida's transformation from a bully to a kind-hearted human being, it wasn't just the dialogue that impacted me, but the visuals surrounding him. So that's the warning I must give you, that if you're not ready to be forgiving of a terrible actions, I'd wait until you're in the right mood to watch this movie. A Silent Voice asks for your acceptance almost too often, but trust me, if you're in the forgiving mood, this film turns out to be extremely powerful. After growing up and leaving his harsh ways in the past, these two characters reconnect, forming a highly unlikely bond. I found myself absolutely hating his character, which was very frustrating, due to the fact that the film asks you to sympathize with him on multiple occasions. Without ruining the impact of certain scenes, I'll just say that his actions were quite Risqué. Ishida, the school bully, taunts her to the point of tears, for audiences as well. Here is why A Silent Voice deserves to be seen by everyone, even though it won't please everyone.Īt its core, this film is about a new student that comes into a school, who just so happens to be hearing impaired. Keep in mind, this can be a very tough film to sit through for multiple reasons, and that is exactly what I'm going to dive into throughout this review, because I feel that a few precautions should be taken when going in. This is a spectacular film from start to finish. When it comes to anime, I don't find myself watching nearly enough in order to form a list of favourites, but even if I had watched everything under the moon, I still believe A Silent Voice would make the list. If you would like to submit an Adoption Application, you may do so by using the link below. All of our Boxers are on heart-worm prevention. Puppies are current on vaccines appropriate for their age. All of our Boxers are spayed/neutered, vaccinated, have had a heart-worm test, fecal and de-worming, as well as treated for any injuries or illnesses prior to adoption. They have been through quite a bit and deserve to find that permanent home of their own, where they will be cherished.īlue Ridge Boxer Rescue’s adoption fee is between $200 & $400, unless otherwise noted. It is our intention to place these dogs in their “forever homes”. Some of them have had particularly hard lives thus far, so we ask that you be certain before filling out an application to adopt, that you have the time, energy, and financial means to care for a Boxer long-term (please see our Boxer Breed Info Link). Blue Ridge Boxer Rescue has many wonderful Boxers available for adoption. Thank you for considering adopting a rescued Boxer! Adopting a dog of any breed is a very big decision and one that should be agreed upon by the entire family. Adoption donations are NON-REFUNDABLE, as the donations are immediately used to pay vet bills. We are a nonprofit organization run solely on donations, and all donations are tax-deductible. The adoption fee required to adopt a rescued Boxer is considered a donation. However, if you have not received a reply within two weeks, feel free to contact us. Please allow our volunteers up to two weeks to process your application, though it often takes less time. They have been through quite a bit and deserve to find that permanent home of their own where they will be cherished as members of a family. Some of them have had particularly hard lives thus far, so we ask that you be certain before filling out an application to adopt and that you have the time, energy, and financial means to care for a Boxer long-term (please see our Boxer Breed Info Link). All of our Boxers are on heartworm prevention and are microchipped.Īdopting a dog of any breed is a very big decision and one that should be agreed upon by the entire family. All of our Boxers are spayed/neutered, vaccinated, have had a heartworm test, fecal test, and deworming, as well as being treated for any injuries or illnesses prior to adoption. “Fanáticos across the country have made us their go-to destination for sports entertainment and our commitment to bringing them the best and most popular teams, players and content across all platforms, is stronger than ever and solidifies us at the home of soccer in the U.S.” “We are thrilled to welcome Liga MX’s Lobos BUAP to our extensive Univision Deportes soccer portfolio,” said Univision Deportes president Juan Carlos Rodríguez in a statement. Related: Fox Could Be Down With Men's Squad Out of World Cup The deal builds on what already has been a strong relationship between Univision Deportes and Liga MX – the network's highly-rated “Sábado Futbolero” Saturday prime time offering was co-developed with the league. as well as digital platforms across the country. The distribution deal includes live broadcast on Univision Deportes’ television and radio platforms in major markets in the U.S. Liga MX, which according to Univision is the most watched soccer league in the U.S., regardless of language, consists of clubs América, Atlas, Cruz Azul, Guadalajara, León, Monterrey, Morelia, Necaxa, Pachuca, Puebla, Querétaro, Santos Laguna, Tijuana, Toluca, UANL, UNAM, Veracruz and the recently added, Lobos BUAP. Univision Deportes said it has secured rights for 18 Liga MX games for the 2017-2018 season, making the multimedia sports division of Univision Communications the sole destination for fans of the Mexican soccer league. If you are a shy girl or simply lack words to express your feelings, here are some of the most wonderful love paragraphs for him that you can text him and make him aware of your emotional attachment. Flirting, making the first move, or simply saying to the partner, ‘I Love You’, is traditionally believed to be a man’s job. Inherently, girls are hesitant to express their feelings to their beloved. For centuries, giving and receiving love is an assurance of us being cared for and supported. If you are in love, you are dwelling on one of the most magical experiences of human existence. Good morning sweetheart, do have a wonderful day.Is there someone you really want to impress? Are you wondering what to say to the guy you have a crush on? I bless the day our path crossed and I met you, my dear. You happened to be my dream come true and. You came into my blur and boring world and add beauty and fun to my life. You’ve showed me how to get more out of life and made me realize that life is more than just existing but living. As your presence comes with unspeakable joy and happiness in my life. And it gives me goosebumps reminiscing about the feeling that comes with waking up beside you each and every morning. Every time that I think about you and how much I cherish and love you, I feel butterflies in my tummy. Good morning gorgeous, do have a lovely day.Ĥ9. Because if your kind comes with a price tag, I’m certain that I wouldn’t be able to offer someone as special as you are. I am honoured to be with someone as beautiful, caring and loving as you are and I will be more blessed to have you in my life till the end of time to respect and protect you to cherish and love you forever. I cherish and love you with every breath in me. I couldn’t have wished for any other person but you to spend forever with if not you, my dear. What more can I ask for in a woman that’s not in you, my dearest? You’re adoring, beautiful, caring, patience, kind, understanding, loving and supportive. Good morning princess, do have a lovely day.Ĥ7. Everyday, I feel like a prince charming when I’m beside you as you turned out to be the princess I have always craved for. There is no distance I can’t walk just to be with you, because there’s no length you can’t go just to put a smile on my face. I wish you a beautiful day and a peaceful night rest. I wish for you all that you wished for yourself. I wish you the very best that life has got to offer today. Today as you step out, I wish all your dreams come true. Good morning sweetheart, do have a beautiful day.Ĥ5. And I’m blessed to have you, because you’ve always seen the best in me and motivated me each and every day to be better than whom I was yesterday. Thank goodness that our path crossed and I met someone as special and beautiful as you are. All I can say is thank you so much, sweetheart. Even at moment when I feel shy and lack the courage to go through the uncertainty of life, you’re always beside me and you encourage me never to tap out when everything seems gloomy and dark. You’ve always calm all my worries and anxieties with your undivided attention and affection. Good morning damsel, do have a great day.Ĥ3. I couldn’t have wished for any other person but you, my dearest. I want you to know that I’m glad that I did fall in love with you. I wasn’t ready to love again, yet you took me by surprise and I found myself walking in love with you already. Good morning dear, and I wish you the very best in life today and always.Ĥ2. And the truth is, if I could be with anyone, it would still be you. Dear Crush, you should know by now that you’re beautiful and amazing just the way you are and you don’t have to change for anyone, even me. Here are Cute Long Paragraphs for Crush you can send to your crush as he or she is waking up this morning.Ĥ1. Cute Long Paragraphs for Crush to Wake Up To "Oswald's been shot!" cried a TV correspondent. Then a man strolled toward the handcuffed Oswald and fired his Colt Cobra revolver into the 24-year-old's gut, mortally wounding him. Dazed and hurting, he wound up on a sideline bench, "wondering about life." Then he spotted a phone on the bench, and after convincing the stadium operator to put a call through, the quarterback reached his wife at home.Īs the couple talked, Joan Ryan was watching TV coverage of alleged assassin Lee Harvey Oswald's transfer by law enforcement from Dallas police headquarters to another downtown facility. Sensing potential for unruly behavior or worse, Browns owner Art Modell hired off-duty policemen and ordered the the stadium announcer never to use the word "Dallas."Ĭowboys players watched the shooting of Lee Harvey Oswald by Jack Ruby on a black-and-white TV in the locker room in Cleveland.Ī few hours before kickoff, Browns quarterback Frank Ryan strolled the field as he did before every game. “This city, Dallas, has killed our president," Cleveland guard John Wooten said. I just could not believe that." Even some Browns players blamed Dallas for Kennedy's death. “We were killers, we had killed the president,” Norman remembered. You could have heard a pin drop as we ran on the field," Folkins recalls. But as the Cowboys neared a stadium tunnel, fans let loose with vitriol and expletives. “here were quite a few people in the stands. The next morning, when the team bus pulled up to the stadium on the cold, late-fall morning, fans heckled and cursed them.Īs the Cowboys went through their pre-game routines on the field, the stadium was eerily quiet. The night before the game, Cowboys players dined in groups and tried to remain inconspicuous. Players carried their own bags to their accommodations because hotel employees refused-an act Cowboys running back Don Perkins later said made him feel "tainted." The Cowboys found out soon after the team plane landed in Ohio.ĭallas Cowboys Receive Rude Reception in Clevelandīellhops turned their backs when the Cowboys' bus arrived at the team hotel. “We were concerned about how the game would go and how the fans would receive us,” recalls Lee Folkins, a Cowboys tight end. The afternoon contest at gloomy Municipal Stadium by Lake Erie matched the 3-7 Cowboys against the 7-3 Browns, one of the NFL's best teams. But the game was the least of concerns for most players on both teams. Meanwhile, the rival American Football League canceled all its games out of respect for the fallen president. “We did not feel welcome throughout the United States, no matter where we played, for quite a while,” Pettis Norman, a Cowboys tight end, recalled years later.Īlthough the nation was enveloped with grief, NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle ignored advice and ordered the full schedule of seven Sunday games to be played-a decision he later called a mistake. Kennedy in Dallas on November 22, 1963, the Dallas Cowboys played the Browns in front of angry, anguished and hostile fans in Cleveland. Many blamed Dallas, a hotbed of far-right extremism in the early 1960s, for JFK's death-and by extension the city's National Football League team. © TAMPA BAY BUCCANEERS.Two days after the assassination of President John F. DRmare iMazonKit Music Converter is not only a professional Unlimited. Step 1 Import the Spotify songs into DRmare Music Converter Launch DRmare. These 10 best Spotify music converters can convert, download and record all your Spotify music into an MP3 file. HDtracks is a high-resolution music platform for music lovers to download their. Download the giveaway installer for DRmare Music Converter version 2.6. Download App with Free Spotify Premium Feature on Computer How to Get Spotify. This application is designed to help you download and convert 50 million Spotify songs. Price: $39.95/lifetime How to get the DRmare Spotify Music Converter license key for free? DRmare Music Converter is a Spotify music converter software. Supported OS: Windows 10/8/8.1/7/Vista, Windows XP It offers unmatched versatility, enabling users to record and download YouTube Music into popular audio formats, compatible with Google Drive, such as MP3, AAC, FLAC, WAV, etc. With DRmare Music Converter, you can convert songs and playlists to MP3, FLAC, WAV, and other audio formats for playing on any device offline. DRmare Audio Capture is a top-notch tool for effortlessly downloading music files from various streaming platforms including YouTube Music. The best alternative is TunePat Downloaders. Firstly, it enables you to capture audio from any YouTube Music and convert it into popular formats like MP3, AAC, WAV, and more, ensuring compatibility with your iPod. There are more than 10 alternatives to DRmare Spotify Music Converter for Mac, Windows and Linux. The main feature of DRmare Music Converter is the ability to download and extract all Ogg Vorbis music tracks, albums, podcasts, audiobooks, and playlists for free with one click only. DRmare Audio Capture offers various features to enhance your YouTube Music-downloading experience. DRmare Download Center - 100 Safe Install Top Downloads Music Converter A compelling streaming music converter to download all protected Spotify Ogg songs, albums and playlists to as MP3, AAC, M4A, FLAC losslessly and effectively at up to 5X speed while retaining the original metadata, ID3 tags, etc. DRmare Spotify Music Converter is a lightweight, easy-to-use, and convenient tool for converting music. The 15×7” Dial-In wheels only weigh 10.9 lbs, while the 15×8” are 12.25 lbs, and the 15×9” are 12.7 lbs. It’s a similar process to the forging process, and creates a lighter, stronger wheel, with greater shock resistance. Konig’s Dial-In wheels are made through “ Flow Forming Technology”, where pressure is applied to the inner barrel of the wheel while spinning after it has been cast. These are the bolt pattern measurements that are compatible with each generation:Ĭolors: Matte Gray, Gold, Gloss Black, Gloss White This bolt pattern needs to match the wheels you are purchasing, otherwise you’ll have to return them. Bolt Pattern CompatibilityĮvery generation of Miata has a specific bolt pattern. These modifications typically involve installing Miata coilovers, which allow you to lower your car and adjust camber, rolling your fenders or even cutting them and fitting overfenders. Beyond this size, you’ll have to make modifications to fit wider wheels with lower offsets. Sticking to the range of +38mm to +45mm offsets will help you avoid concerns with fender lip rub.Ī more aggressive +35mm should be on the lower end of the offset sizes you can use, typically for wider wheels (7.5” and above). That being said, you generally want high offsets for your Miata, regardless of generation. The factory offsets for the NA and NB Miatas (1990-2005) are +45mm for 14” wheels and +40mm for the larger wheels. On a car with overfenders like this, wider wheels with a low offset are required to fill the fenders. NC Miatas (2005-2015) increased the size of their OEM rims even more, to 17”, and they stuck with that size for ND Miatas. The brakes on NC/ND Miatas are too large to use 15” rims without aggressive offsets and fender rolling, so 16” are the minimum. Our recommendation for NA/NB Miatas is to use at least 15” rims, to help keep unsprung weight low, or high quality 16″ rims at most. Whereas in most cases, NB Miatas from 1998 to 2005 came factory-made with 15” rims. Most first generation Miatas, from 1990 to 1997, were factory-installed with 14” wheels. One of the most important aspects of the best Miata rims is that they’re all small in size. Luckily, there are plenty of high-performance wheels out there that fit into these ranges. The best Miata wheels for 2005+ models should be 20 lbs per wheel at the most. NC and ND Miatas have more sophisticated suspension, but light wheels are still ideal if you want to improve performance. This way your car won’t feel sluggish, especially off the line. Where possible, we strongly recommend buying wheels that are 15 lbs or less for your NA/NB Miata. Rim Weightįor the Mazda Miata, smaller rims are usually better.įor NA and NB (1990-2005) Miatas especially, unsprung weight is a big factor.įactory OEM rims for these generation cars were in the 10-15 lbs range, and many drivers can feel a change in ride quality and performance with as small as 3 lbs of unsprung weight per corner. Though installing them isn’t difficult and the fact that wheel spacers are safe (though some vocal members of our favorite car forums may claim otherwise) they add to the weight of your car, while also making the weight of your wallet lighter. This said, you don’t want any more than +45mm, otherwise you will have to install wheel spacers. Over ten years later, it’s still the coolest MX-5 Miata ever produced.By choosing the right sized wheels, you may not need to modify your car’s body using a fender rolling tool. To let passersby know this car was something special, the exterior also received upgrades include a tasteful skirt package, 17-inch wheels and a rear spoiler.Īlthough the new 2016 MX-5 Miata may be faster, there’s something undeniably cool about a second generation Miata with a factory turbo engine and all the upgrades to match. It came with a whack of chassis and suspension upgrades that included Bilstien shocks, beefier springs, wider tires, thicker anti-roll bars and a strut tower brace. What made the Mazdaspeed so special was that it’s a complete package. SEE ALSO: 2016 Mazda MX-5 Miata First Drive But claiming the Mazdaspeed as the best Miata of all time based on power alone wouldn’t make much sense as the MX-5 has never been about outright power. of torque, the 2004-2005 Mazdaspeed MX-5 Miata is the most powerful Miata ever produced. With a 1.8-liter turbocharged four-cylinder engine making 178 HP and 166 lb-ft. Similarly, malignancies may represent a special case of stem cell heterogeneity that fits into this broad conceptual framework ( BOX 2). Stem cell systems in other tissues, including stomach, mammary gland and prostate tissues, which are not discussed in this Review, may also be worth reconsidering in light of this evidence 7– 9. Here, we review the evidence in support of such heterogeneity and present instructive examples from haematopoietic, skin and intestinal epithelium that argue in favour of a profound revision of traditional views. However, recent data that were generated using new technologies in various systems ( BOX 1) have indicated that, in many somatic tissues, the stem cell system is surprisingly heterogeneous, comprising different types of stem cells. Traditionally, the stem cell pool within a single tissue was thought to be uniform: all stem cells in the pool were presumed to have equivalent potential for differentiation and self-renewal. Somatic stem cells have thus come to be defined as adult-derived cells that have two hallmark capabilities: the ability to undergo differentiation and generate multiple lineages over long periods of time and the ability to simultaneously self-renew (that is, to regenerate themselves). Data from these experiments reinforced a model in which a single tissue-specific stem cell continuously regenerates some or all of the lineages in a given tissue. As transplantation was not easily practicable in other tissues such as the skin and the intestine, the stem cell paradigm in these tissues gained support through experiments in which cell fates were followed using tritiated thymidine labelling 6. Thus, for more than 50 years, the research field has accepted the view that the haemato poietic system is maintained by a single type of stem cell that regenerates all of the blood lineages during adulthood.Ĭoncepts of tissue regeneration that were developed from the study of haematopoiesis have provided a framework for understanding the mechanisms that underlie the maintenance of other tissues. Corroboration of this idea came from studies in which transplanted cells were marked by retroviral transduction integration sites that were shared by multiple blood lineages were considered to be indicative of a common originating cell 4, 5. In the mid-1950s, bone marrow transplantation in mice, combined with tracking of the cellular progeny of transplanted tissue on the basis of the presence of common chromosomal translocations, strongly supported the hypothesis that cells of both lymphoid and myeloid lineages originate from the same cell 3. For the past century, this concept has been the foundation of our understanding of tissue regeneration. The term ‘stem cell’ ( Stammzelle) first appeared in the literature around 1900, when it was used by Artur Pappenheim and others to promote the common progenitor concept 1 (reviewed in REF. Observations of the bone marrow led to heated debate about whether the distinct lymphoid and myeloid components of the blood were continuously generated from a common cell or from distinct progenitor cells (a view championed by Paul Ehrlich). In the absence of modern experimental tools such as fluorescence imaging, tissue transplantation and animal models, developmental relationships among cell types were inferred from extensive observation of the tissues of interest and documented by detailed hand drawings. In the late 1800s, descriptive pathology portrayed the cellular structure of many organs in exquisite detail. |
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